Asylum seeker boat arrivals have been a fraught topic in
Australia over the years. It’s always been my view that living in a country
which large numbers of people are willing risk all to get into is not such a
bad problem to have. It is certainly nothing that a grown-up country can’t deal
with, given a modicum of goodwill, humanity and common sense. As it is, the
debate has generated far more heat than light.
A few months ago I put together what I consider to be a
short, unbiased review of the topic to collect my thoughts and try to establish
the facts in my mind. I’ve brought it up to date based upon reports in the
Sydney Morning Herald and the
ABC.
Background
The following links cover irregular asylum seeker arrivals
by boat since mid-2013:
Potted History
1976 – 2001: End of Vietnam War to 9/11
There appears to have been minimal irregular arrivals of
asylum seekers by boat prior to 1976:
·
1976 to 1979: about 2000 asylum seeker arrivals
in total following the end of the Vietnam War. They were dealt with by the
Fraser Government with bipartisan support, regional involvement and no moral
panic.
·
1980 to 1988: 26 arrivals in 1981, none in other
years, in spite of there being no mandatory detention and no offshore processing.
The Iran-Iraq war and Soviets in Afghanistan apparently did not result in
asylum seekers heading by boat to Australia.
·
1989: asylum boat arrivals start again, reaching
about 200 per annum in 1990.
o
Asylum seekers become a concern to many
Australians, but not the hot-button issue it was going to become later.
o
Mandatory detention was introduced by the
Keating Government in 1992, which may have led to a dip in arrivals in 1993.
·
Arrivals surge from 1994 and average nearly 500
per annum from 1994 to 1998. This increase seems to be unconnected with any
changes in Australian policies and probably reflects the international
situation.
·
1996 – Howard Government elected in 1996. Asylum
Seekers were not a major election issue.
·
Arrivals greatly increase from 1999, with over
12,000 asylum seekers arriving by boat from 1999 to 2001. Again, this seems to
reflect the international situation and not to be connected to anything that
Australia has done. Community concern about the issue heightens.
·
1999 –
Temporary Protection
Visas (TPVs) were introduced on 20/10/1999. This may have led to a dip in
the numbers of arrivals in the following year, but arrivals escalate to
unprecedented levels in 2001.
2001 – 2012: Controversy
During this period irregular arrivals of asylum seekers by
boat was a hot-button topic in Australia. The issue became conflated with
terrorism and Australia’s involvement in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
·
Late 2001 -
Pacific Solution
introduced, which apparently stops the boats. A temporary improvement in the
situation in Afghanistan and Iraq during 2002/3 following the downfall of the
Taliban and Saddam Hussein probably also contributed. Numbers increase slowly
to about 150 per annum by the end of the Howard era.
·
Early 2008 - Pacific Solution ended. This seemed
to have had little immediate impact in 2008 but numbers of asylum boat arrivals
bounce back to pre-Pacific Solution numbers from 2009. The end of the Sri Lanka
Civil War (May 2009) probably contributed.
·
May 2011 - the
Malaysia
Solution mooted, which seems to have lead to a temporary dip in arrivals.
·
Late 2011 onwards - numbers surge to over triple
previous records. This might be a combination of:
o
The collapse of the Malaysia Solution
o
Greater experience, sophistication and
ruthlessness on the part of people-smugglers (the development of their
'business model')
o
A view that the Australia will not be 'open'
much longer ('going out of business sale')
o
Plans for withdrawals of Western troops from
Afghanistan
o
The rise of extreme fundamentalist Islam in
Pakistan and elsewhere.
·
2012: The Pacific Solution reintroduced, which seems
to have had no impact.
Since July 2013 – PNG Solution and Operation Sovereign Borders
·
July 2013: ‘
PNG Solution’ was
announced on 19/7/2013. After a lag of about a week, this led to a sharp drop in the rate of asylum boat arrivals, with what seems to be a steady decline
since that time.
·
September 2013: Abbott Government elected
September 7 and takes power September 18, with ‘
Operation
Sovereign Borders’ commencing on that date.
o
Asylum seeker arrivals by boat have continued,
averaging about 90 a week, down from 500 to 1,000 in the first half of 2013.
o
As a result of the
Australia
Indonesia Spying Scandal, the Abbott Government has been unable to implement
key planks of its Asylum Seeker Boat Arrival policy, including returning asylum
seekers to Indonesia, while Indonesia has suspended its cooperation with
Australia on asylum seekers.
o
The new Immigration Minister Scott Morrison
credits the reduced levels to Operation Sovereign borders. The Opposition and
many commentators believe that the continued low levels or irregular boat
arrivals are entirely or almost entirely owing to the effectiveness of policies
put in place by the former Labor Government, especially the PNG Solution.